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INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

      INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

Literature can be defined as follows.

Literature is the work of art which uses language to convey a message to the society.

Or

Is the piece of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems which are in contrast to technical books and news papers, magazines etc.(Oxford dictionary (2005)

But generally literature can be defined as the work of art which uses language to reflect social realities in the society. This means that Literature always exists from the society because it is the society which provides raw materials to the field of literature. There fore an artist can not present a work of literature out of his society because he or she is influenced by the culture, tradition, believes, philosophies or ideologies that are persisting in the society. This work can be in written or spoken form.

ROLES OR IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE

Literature has many roles to the society because it always focuses on the society. There for literature have many things to do with the society. The following are some of the roles of the society;

• Literature educates the society.
• Literature entertains the society.
• To preserve the history of the society.
• It helps to develop language.
• Liberates the society.

Qualities of literature

Literature has the following qualities

• Artistic quality; literature has an artistic quality that means it express the life of people in forms of truth and beauty.
• Suggestive quality; always literature suggests something to the audience. It is not so much what it says as it awakens in us that constitutes its charm. The province of all art is not to instruct but to delights; and only as literature delights us causing each reader to build in his own soul.
• Permanent; literary works are permanent that means they have a very long time to survive in the society.

Literature and language

Literature and language are inseparable things since literature depends more on language so as to send an intended message to the audience. There fore we can say that no language no literature because  an artist uses language artistically that means it should be moulded with proverbs, idioms, Figures of speech, sayings etc. language as the medium of communication is used in literature in the following works;

• To criticize the society; artists uses language in literary works so as correct their society/criticize wrongs.
•  To educate; language is used in literary works to educate an audience in different ways.
• To entertain; artists uses language to entertain their audience since the literary language should be moulded so as to attract the intended audience.
• Language is used to present messages to the audience; artists use language to send their messages to the society so this language should be the one with proverbs, idioms and other wise sayings.

Literature has divided into two types, which are;

1.      Oral literature      

2.      Written literature.

       Oral literature

Oral literature is the literary work which is presented in the word of mouth or in oral form. It is the first literature to exist before written literature. It is believed that it raised soon after 5the Neolithic revolution.

TYPES OF ORAL LITERATURE

       I.            Folk tales are stories handed down from generation to generation explaining about the passed common people like kings, princes etc.

    II.            Proverbs are the wise sayings whose intention is to educate and criticise the society. For example;

a)      Beautiful is in the eye of the beholder-meaning ‘People always have different ideas about what is beautiful’.

b)      He who hesitates is lost-meaning ‘if you delay in doing something you may loose a good opportunity.

 III.       Idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meaning of individual words. Or is the group of words whose meaning is hidden. For Example;

“Don’t let the cat out of the bag” To mean ‘don’t reveal the secret’

“Be burning in the same boat- means to be in the same difficult situation or unfortunate situation.

When the cat is a’ way mice will play.

  I      Myths are stories attempt to answer philosophical questions like “Where human beings come from or why people are dying or why people are working etc.

L        Legends are stories that explain over royal people like king princes and events that ever passed in the society.

  VI.     Songs refers to the pies of music which can be sung.

VII.    Riddles are puzzling questions, statements or descriptions given out or asked to test the wisdom or the cleverness of those wishing to solve them.

VIII.    Fable refers to the animal tales. Or refers to stories that explain about animals.

Written literature

Written literature is the type of literature which is presented in a written form. It is always on paper or other writable materials. Written literature has divided into three major genres which are the following

1)      Novels

2)      Plays/ drama

3)      Poetry.

******** COMMENT ON THAT PLEASE ***********

The morphological relationship between English language and Kiswahili language

https://www.facebook.com/groups/tekubaed/hi,
please may you help me in this discussion?
Is there any morphological relationship between English language and Swahili?
If there is, then in which aspects?
then what do you think is the cause for the existing morphological relationship in the two languages?

Wabunge Kulipwa kiasi cha TSh160m wakivunja bunge mwishoni mwa 2015

Bungeni

 The amount has more than tripled from 2010, when the pay-off was first raised to Sh43 million. By the time Parliament is dissolved ahead of the 2015 General Election, each of the 357 MPs will have collected Sh117 million more than those who served in the last Parliament.PHOTO|FILE

Dar es Salaam. Members of Parliament will pocket a whopping Sh160 million each in a record send-off package approved by the treasury last year. The MPs gave themselves a 272 per cent raise in gratuity, raising the lump sum paid to each member at the end of every term from Sh43 million.

The Citizen has learnt that some of the MPs have already taken more than half that amount in loans as they await the end of their term in 2014. The MPs have in the recent past come under public criticism for developing an appetite for more pay and allowances.

Their new earnings will rival only those of their Kenyan counterparts who, in 2012, secretly voted to take home more than Sh164 million (Ksh9.3 million) in similar gratuity payments.

The move by the Kenyan MPs came after a bitter public campaign saw former President Mwai Kibaki veto a proposal for new salaries that would have made them the highest paid in the world. Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is currently $40.70 billion while Tanzania’s GDP is $30 billion.

Yesterday, Finance Minister Saada Mkuya confirmed to The Citizen that the gratuity was indeed raised last year. She also admitted that some legislators had collected their share from designated banks.

Ms Mkuya would not give more details, saying only that treasury had set aside the cash. “I know this matter was approved by the Prime Minister’s office during my predecessor’s time as I was dealing with policy issues,” Ms Mkuya said.

The amount has more than tripled from 2010, when the pay-off was first raised to Sh43 million. By the time Parliament is dissolved ahead of the 2015 General Election, each of the 357 MPs will have collected Sh117 million more than those who served in the last Parliament.

This means that the government--now struggling to raise revenue and mired in huge debts--will have to tax the public more to meet the huge send-off bill for MPs, totalling some Sh56 billion. Along with the gratuity, the MPs earn Sh12 million in monthly salaries. They also benefit from hefty sitting and other allowances.

The Clerk of the National Assembly, Dr Thomas Kashililah, said his office was not involved in determining the gratuity payments. “Bunge is just responsible for the MPs salaries and not gratuity,” said Dr Kashililah. “That falls under the treasury.”

Several MPs agreed that they are now on a much improved gratuity arrangement, allowing some of them to get loans from two commercial banks approved by the treasury.

An opposition MP, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said a member was allowed to draw up to Sh80 million of the Sh160 million from the banks. But she added that she knew of colleagues who had borrowed up to Sh150 million. “I have also borrowed Sh40 million for some projects,” she added. “I know some of my colleagues who have also collected theirs.”

Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda was not available for comment.

technology can be misused through;

1. crimes
2. terrorism
3. threatening some one
4. abusive language

teku/baed/hg/11511-MWACHULA JUMA H

technology can be misused through

1. crimes
2. abusive language
3. threats to someone
4. theft
5. terrorism

TEKU/BAED/HG/11511
MWACHULA JUMA H

flood disaster profile 27/01/2014 morogoro region

Heavy rainfall was experienced in Ifakara area, Kilombero district in Morogoro region causing severe flooding to some villages in the area. Ifakara town is the headquarters of Kilombero district. 

A three man team from Tanzania Red Cross society (TRCS) between May 5th to 11^th, 2011 went to Ifakara, Kilombero district in Morogoro Region to deliver relief supplies to the victims of the floods.

A team comprising of one staff, one volunteer and a driver from TRCS headquarters reached in the area to beef up efforts already being done by the Morogoro Regional office in responding to the floods.

The team was headed by Ms Grace Mawalla. On May 5^th delivered 40 tents, 2 cartons water guard, 300 Jerry cans, 400 Plastic buckets, 400 Mosquito nets and 20 bales of used

The team was received by Ifakara Red Cross branch secretary who also on behalf of their branch contributed 50pcs of school shirts.

The downpower experienced in Ifakara area, Kilombero district in Morogoro region caused severe flooding to some villages in the area. Ifakara town is the headquarters of Kilombero district. 

The rainfall which had been intermittent during the month intensified at around 01h00 on 19^th April, 2011 and affeceted the villages of Mofu and Ikwambi in Mofu Ward, Kisegese village in Idete Ward and Mbingu, Igima, Chiwachiwa and Mpofu villages in Mbingu Ward. only One deaths of a school age child taken by crocodile have been reported.

The team arrived at Mbingu ward and was received by Ward Executive Officer and Ward Councillor at Mbingu Market where they have accommodated some of the affected community. In this camp at Market place there are 23 households living there. As you can see below, there are no windows or doors so it is very cold at night and a lot of mosquitoes. There was a need for tents so the team decided to erect eleven tents

TRCS worked closely with the government authorities on monitoring the evolving situation .On 9^th May it started to rain again causing volunteers to work in difficulty conditions. The plan to work for four days was extended.

Presentation, Question number 15.

What are the properties of Educational media and Technology?

Educational media refers to channels of communication that carry message with an instruction purpose and Educational technology is the use of technology in education.

The properties of educational media and technology are categorized into three that are: -

1. Audio,
2. visual and
3. Audio-visual media. 

The audio is the form of media communication that use audio or voice recording as a medium in the delivery of information such as Radio cassette, Telephone calls and language is also a audio media

RADIO CASSETTE

Modern radio for audio purposes

Visual media is the means of communication using visual effects.  Example of visual media include screen, CD and newspapers.

Disc which is used to save  printed materials

THE FORMER PRESIDENT OF TANZANIA

Screen used to display the content

A NEWS PAPER

 

Audio-visual media refers to works with both a sound and visual components, the production or use of such works or the equipment used to create and present such works. For example television, films and slide tapes presentation, video tapes.

Television

Therefore teaching media and   technology are very important. Without teaching media and technology in classroom none of learning theory principles could be fulfilled.  It would take a lot of exertion to reach a good teaching communication without application of teaching media and technology.

                                                                    REFERENCES

Christine L.K. (1991), The important of Educational Media in Teaching. Vol 20, Chinese vision- Bigin.

Mkyikyeli N.P.S. (2003), Education Media and Technology, The Open University of Tanzania.

Smaldino S.E. et al () Instructional Technology and Media for learning.

PARTICIPANTS

NO	NAMES	REG NO
1	MTINEGHE MITSON	TEKU/BAED/HK/11782
2	MWACHULA JUMA, H.	TEKU/BAED/HG/11511
3	JOHN    FAUSTIN	TEKU/BAED/HK/11656
4	WILSON  JUMA	TEKU/BAED/HG/11548
5	LUNYALI SOLLA	TEKU/BAED/HK/11713
6	MBAWALA  ANNA	TEKU/BAED/HE/11739
7	MWINUKA  PRISCA	TEKU/BAED/HE/11403
8	GASTOR  PETER	TEKU/BAED/HK/11625
9	BUKUKU  MESHAK, F.	TEKU/BAED/HK/10157
10	HAULE  VESTINA, R.	TEKU/BAED/HK/11636